SUMMARY

Energy Scenario

Hydrogen Economy

Soft matter

Other topics

Hydrogen		Click on the picture to enlarge it
GM’s Perspective on the Hydrogen Economy Hydrogen: “The First Step”Transition to the Vehicles of Tomorrow Key hydrogen fuel infrastructure elements: Energy feedstock availability Feedstock diversity will likely build from a natural gas infrastructure. Capital requirements Codes and standards is the opportunity in global race toward hydrogen economy.	Today, most of the hydrogen cost (70-80%) is due to high capital charges:reformer or electrolyzer, tankers or transmission, compressors, dispensers... What would the initial phase H2 infrastructure cost? United States: Urban areas - 6,500 Hydrogen Fueling Stations that could server 1 million FCVs in the 100 Largest Metro Areas. 130,000 Total Miles National Highway System - 1 station every 25 miles = 5,200 stations Total Number of Stations:11,700 1 station = $1,000,000 Total Cost Outlay = $11.7 billion	Bibliographic Reference: GM-Fuel cell vehicules overview GM/Studies European Study	Raj Choudhury Manager Operations & Public Policy - hydrogen Fuel Cell Demo Pgm Public Policy Center 1660 L street NW, Suite 401 Washington, DC 20036 raj.choudhury@gm.com Tel: 202 775 5033 Fax: 202 775 5054
Ceramic Membranes for Gas Separation and Fuel Cell Applications- Opportunities for Neutron Scattering Research. Ceramic membrane materials are key components in systems for the generation and utilization of hydrogen as an energy source. Oxygen- and hydrogen-conducting Membranes are needed for hydrogen-generation technologies based on the splitting of water at high temperature. Membranes are needed In hydrogen fuel cells.	How to achieve the desired ionic transport at temperatures that make the process technically and economically viable?. What can be done with neutron scattering? Neutron scattering (especially in situ studies) provides unique information about both bulk and surface properties.These techniques need to be extended to other types of ceramic membranes -e.g., hydrogen or CO2 transport membranes		James Jorgensen Materials Science Division, MSD 223 Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 Phone:  630-252-5513 FAX:  630-252-7777 jjorgensen@anl.gov
Neutron Methods for Characterization of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage Materials Neutron methods are important probes of key atomic and nanoscale behavior in fuel-cell materials. • A number of different techniques must often be used in concert to reveal key properties. • First-principles computations are becoming increasingly important to interpret and guide experiments.	Phenomena Probed in Hydrogenous Materials: • Location of H, OH, H2Oin materials: diffraction • Hydrogen vibrations, H bonding states: vibrational spectroscopy • Diffusion of H, H2O in materials: quasielastic scattering • Nanostructure: e.g. H clustering: small-angle neutron scattering • Thin films: e.g.H density profile, membrane structures: reflectometry • In-situ quantitative analysis: H in materials		Taner Yildirim NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Phone: (301) 975-6228 Fax: (301) 921-9847 taner@nist.gov
Structure and Properties of Proton-Conducting Fuel-Cell Materials Few fuel cells are commercially available. This is, in part, due to fundamental limitations in materials properties, which, in turn, lead to high costs, particularly on a per killowatt basis. Accordingly, new materials which address the limitations of known electrolytes, anodes and cathodes are required. Neutrons can play an important role in understanding the behaviors of these materials and further enhancing their properties. For example, prompt-gamma activation analysis has been used to probe hydrogen uptake in perovskites, whereas diffraction studies have been employed to precisely determine proton positions in proton conducting solid acids. These chemical and structural insights shed light on the proton transport mechanisms operative in both classes of compounds.	Two classes of alternative proton conducting electrolytes which may address these limitations: hydrated alkaline earth: - Perovskites (SrCeO3, BaCeO3, BaZrO3 [AMO3]) - Acid salts (or solid acids - e.g.CsHSO4). Outlook for Neutron Studies Structural Studies Outlook for Neutron Studies Structural Studies • Structural Studies - H/D positions - Ordering of similar species (e.g. S vs. P) - Local ordering via radial distribution function analysis • Chemical Analysis - Wide dynamic range of PGAA • Proton Transport and Dynamics - Detailed mechanistic insight - Local vibrational modes	Bibliographic Reference: Haile Group Rersearch Site	Sossina Haile Associate Professor of Materials Science and of Chemical Engineering Keck Laboratories, Room 305 Materials Science, 138-78 1200 E. California Boulevard Pasadena, CA 91125 USA (626)-395-2958 smhaile@caltech.edu
Hydrogen Storage
Modes of Binding of Molecular Hydrogen and their Implications for Hydrogen Storage Many of the materials considered to be candidates for the storage of hydrogen as a fuel in the future “hydrogen economy” rely on the physisorption of hydrogen in porous media (e.g. carbon nanotubes) while others (e.g. metal hydrides, alanates, chemical hydrides) attempt to utilize “atomic” hydrogen bound in the bulk of a material. Each of these approaches has significant problems associated with it, such as unsuitable operating conditions or unfavorable adsorption/desorption kinetics.	The problem is to strengthen the interactions of molecular hydrogen with the host material without causing the molecule to dissociate. There are a number of ways to accomplish this including the possibility of molecular chemisorption of hydrogen. Our experimental probe is provided by the rotational energy levels of the bound H2 molecule, which are highly sensitive to the environment with which it interacts. Transitions between these levels can readily be observed by inelastic neutron scattering techniques.		Juergen Eckert Materials Research Laboratory University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 and Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA juergen@mrl.ucsb.edu
Neutron scattering from Hydrogen in Metals and from hydrogen on Carbon nanotubes Possible Hydrogen Storage Methods: (a) High pressure hydrogen (b) Liquid hydrogen (BMW!) (c) Intermetallic hydride (d) H2 molecules on SWNTs or other porous material. Hydrogen in Metals H+ is apparently best for hydrogen storage because: It is mobile in the metallic host - It sits on inter-metallic sites over a range of concentrations without changing the metal lattice - It can be reversibly added and removed. But the known inter-metallic hosts are too heavy for use in cars	In Situ Studies of Hydrogen cycling in and out from hydride store: advantage of neutron scattering is that we can change the hydrogen content in situ by changing hydrogen pressures and temperatures. H2 molecules adsorbed on Single Walled nanotube ropes - physisorption on large surface area samples might store enough hydrogen at 80K and convenient pressures that might be more economical than liquid hydrogen at 20K - IINS Studies provides an excellent method of analysing the different sites of physi-sorption.		Keith Ross  The Institute for Materials Research Joules Physics Laboratory The University of Salford Salford Greater Manchester M5 4WT Phone: 0161 2955881/5432 d.k.ross@salford.ac.uk
H2 in novel solid-state metal hydrides Solid-state metal hydrides display hydrogen densities close to that of liquid hydrogen and thus provide a safe and efficient way of storing hydrogen.	As a result of recent neutron and synchrotron diffraction work some novel metal hydrides have been characterized that shed new light on the nature of metal-hydrogen interactions.The combination of different technologies is essential.		Klaus Yvon Laboratoire de Cristallographie Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24 CH-1211 Genève 4 Switzerland klaus.yvon@cryst.unige.ch
Neutrons for Probing Hydrogen in Metals	The properties of neutrons, and the unique aspects of their interactions with hydrogen and deuterium, allow them to be used as a sensitive probe for hydrogen in bulk materials. This allows the in-situ tracking of hydrogen ingress into metals, hydride precipitation and dissolution, and the investigation of kinetics of hydride phase transitions, as examples.		Lachlan Cranswick and John root NRC Canada National Research Council (NRC), Building 459, Station 18, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J 1J0 lachlan.cranswick@nrc.gc.ca john.root@nrc.gc.ca