NESE

Setting the scene

Mineralogy Petrology Geochemistry Volcanology

Rock Physics Geomaterials Magnetism

Cryosphere Planetary Solar System Science

Energy Resources Environment

Instruments development

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Mineralogy, Petrology, Geochemistry & Volcanology
Mineral phases and phase transitions in situ
High-Pressure beam line at the new neutron source, J-PARC, in Japan • Neutron beam will be available from 2008 at the J-PARC, Tokai village, Japan. • The high-pressure science community in Japan submitted a instrumental proposal to the neutron instrument planning committee. • Our proposal will be approved in a couple of months, but we need to seek for grants to construct a beamline. • Large volume multi anvil apparatus will be developed for neutron diffraction at high pressure and high temperature.	What can we (Japanese earth scientists) do? • Neutron diffraction hydrous minerals, magma, melt, etc. • Independent from high-pressure beamlines in UK, USA, etc. • Expecting many international users • Neutron diffraction measurements at high temperature and high pressure at high stability	Presentation (PDF 2MB)	Hiroyuki Kagi Laboratory for Earthquake Chemistry, University of Tokyo Masatoshi Arai J-PARC Project Office and KENS, KEK kagi@eqchem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Neutron investigations of Earth materials at combined high pressure and temperature. • Neutrons ease in situ study: penetration through complex high-P/T sample environment - maintain fixed/buffered fO2 - add external stress etc. • In situ study is often essential if we want to understand real behaviour at deep Earth conditions	• Examples of cation order-disorder in situ: spinel ilmenite • Future prospects for high-P/T with modulated stress Neutron Instruments: PEARL ISIS - High Pressure Facility - Paris-Edinburgh pressure cell.	Presentation (PDF, 2.3MB)	Simon A.T. Redfern University of Cambridge Department of Earth Sciences. satr@cam.ac.uk
In situ investigations of framework materials using neutron scattering. Many framework materials contain rigid polyhedral units, such as metal-centered octahedral and tetrahedral units, which have the ability to articulate about flexible joints between the polyhedra in response to changes in pressure, temperature and composition. For example, zeolites, naturally occurring aluminosilicates and related microporous framework materials, have molecule-sized cavities, which make these thermally- and acid-stable solids applicable to chemical processes as diverse as catalysis, gas separations and ion exchange. In situ neutron powder diffraction is often an important technique for the determination of the crystal structures which can be used directly to explain the properties of these materials and to predict behavior. • Neutrons & strategies to increase ion-exchange capacity: • Strategies to increase selectivity.	• Future needs Addressing complex problems • interfacing PT cells/ other apparatus • Powder diffractometers of the higher spatial/angular/time resolution. • Way forward - single crystals. • Push size limit in environmental cells down “home X-ray laboratory” sized. • Requires sustained development on area detectors, neutron focusing, even brighter sources. Instruments • High pressure cells - VIVALDI (Very-Intense, Vertical-Axis Laue DIffractometer) • PEARL, ISIS - High Pressure Facility - Paris-Edinburgh pressure cell	• Examples of In situ neutron diffraction studies H-TS (H+- exchanged crystalline Titanosilicate) Natrolite Presentation (PDF 4.9 MB)	John Parise Center for Environmental Molecular Sciences, Geosciences and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-2100 John.Parise@sunysb.edu
The hydrous component in mineral phases
High-Pressure Neutron Scattering Studies of Complex Earth Materials Neutron scattering methods are particularly versatile as they allow investigation of both structural details and structural dynamics of the atomic arrangement in materials. Examples to illustrate the potential and current limitations of the study of complex minerals by neutrons - powder and single-crystal neutron scattering experiments under ambient and high-pressure conditions: • Phase Transitions Palmierite (Lead Phopshate): Ferroelastic phase transition a high P • Hydrogen in Minerals Leucophoenicite: complex hydrous phase related to dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMS) Wadsleyite: Nominally anhydrous mineral that can store wt. / % amounts of water (hydroxyl) in its structure	Future Directions: • In situ studies of phase transitions; kinetics (effect of particle size) • Role of hydrogen (and organic molecules) in inorganic compounds as f(P,T) • Single crystal ND at high P and T • Magnetic structures of minerals as f(P,T) • Combined P-T studies: e.g. structures, stress and textures • Vibrational density of states from INS as f(P,T) Neutron Instruments PEARL ISIS - High Pressure Facility - Paris-Edinburgh pressure cell. SXD instrument ISIS - Single Crystal Diffractometer	Presentation (PDF 2.3MB)	Nancy Ross VaTech Professor of Mineralogy Associate Dean of Research & Outreach Office: 5060A Derring Hall Phone: (540) 231-6356 Fax: (540) 231-3386 E-mail: nross@vt.edu
Effect of hydrogen on properties of minerals and magmas: In situ X-ray observations using synchrotron light source and future works using neutron Recent studies on the effect of hydrogen in stability of minerals, and its reaction with metallic iron, silicate, and oxides with geophysical interests, such as Fe-H system, Fe-H2O system, Al2O3-H2O and MgO-SiO2-H2O systems at high pressure and high temperature. (High pressure and temperature in situ X-ray observation) Future studies by the neutron diffraction of minerals and melts at high pressure and temperature are indispensable to understand the roles of hydrogen in structures of minerals and melts accounting for the change of these properties.	New system for Neutron studies: DIA type multianvil apparatus in J-PARC to study: • Hydrogen in magma and fluid: structural and radiography studies • Hydrogen in minerals and transport of water into the deep mantle • Nature of hydrogen bonding of various hydrous silicates and oxides at high pressure and temperature • Effect of H in transformation kinetics: Diffraction study	Presentation: (PDF 4.9 MB)	Eiji Ohtani Institute of Mineralogy, Petrology, and Economic Geology Tohoku University Tel. 81-22-217-6662 Fax  81-22-217-6675 ohtani@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
Neutron diffraction studies on hydrous layer silicates: Structure and dynamics of intercalates Sodium layer silicates are abundant minerals in sedimentary systems and also produced from chemical industries in large quantities for paints, washing powder production, fillers, catalysts and supports, etc.. The group of hydrous sodium layer silicates play an outstanding role in such that most materials are known since more than 50 years, however, most of the crystal structures and their physical properties are still unknown.	Neutron diffraction is ideally suited as complementary tool for analysing the H-bond network, the dynamic properties of the proton, and local dynamics of molecules and ions. Case study octosilicate or RUB-18. Neutron Instruments: D2B, ILL Grenoble, France. HRPT - High-Resolution Powder Diffractometer for Thermal Neutrons, PSI Villingen, Switzerland.	Presentation: (PDF 1.9 MB)	Hermann Gies Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum, FRG Tel. +49 (0)234 / 32 - 23512 FAX +49 (0)234 / 32 - 14433 hermann.gies@ruhr-uni-bochum.
Silicate melts, rocks, magmas and glasses
The interplay of microscopic dynamics, structure and mass transport in silicate melts The high-resolution energy and momentum information emerging from inelastic neutron scattering experiments allows to study the interplay between structure, viscous flow and atomic diffusion in silicate melts in-situ at temperatures up to 1600 K. The inelastic neutron scattering results show, that peralkaline Na2O, K2O, Al2O3 (Fe2O3) bearing silicate melts exhibit a non-homogeneous distribution of the alkali atoms in channels, that serve as pathways for the fast alkali diffusion and that give an explanation for the pronounced non-linear behavior of viscosity upon alkali concentration. In addition the density correlation functions obtained from inelastic neutron scattering allow for a stringent test of models used in molecular dynamics simulations.	Future directions: Inelastic neutron scattering on water bearing silicate melts in-situ at high temperature and high pressure. Neutron diffraction on silicate melts at pressures up to 30 GPa. Instruments used: IN6Cold neutron time-focussing time-of-flight spectrometer,IN5 - Disk chopper time-of-flight spectrometer, D20 - High-intensity two-axis diffractometer with variable resolution,D4 - Liquids and Amorphous Diffractometer at ILL. HFBS High flux backscattering spectrometerat NIST	Presentation (PDF 1.5MB)	Andreas Meyer Physikdepartment E13 Technische-Universität-München James-Franck-Straße 1 85747 Garching Germany Tel. 089/289-12451 Fax 089/289-12473 Email: ameyer@ph.tum.de
Neutron radiography of rocks and melts The large penetrating power of neutrons makes them ideal probes to investigate bulk samples. In addition to diffraction and spectroscopic experiments, neutrons can be used to directly observe the distribution of elements and processes in bulk samples. Neutron Instruments used for the experiments Neutra at PSI Neutronography at LLB SANS at Jülich - Small Angle Neutron Instruments.	• Dynamic neutron radiography can be used for very accurate measurements of melt viscosities. • Use of neutron tomography for undoped melts (mingling and mixing processes cannot be observed due to lack of contrast; time resolved studies are possible) • SANS can be used to measure the porosity of rocks and the role of the thermal history of the sample. (in situ measurements will be problematic due to very thin samples)	Presentation (PDF 10MB)	Björn Winkler Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie Johann Wolfgang Goethe Uni Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 30, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany b.winkler@kristall.uni-frankfurt.de
Coordination changes in magnesium silicate glasses. Glasses made from the magnesium silicate minerals enstatite (MgSiO3) and forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and three intermediate compositions can be considered as analogues of quenched, end-member composition melts from the Earth and Lunar mantle. Combined neutron and X-ray diffraction data show an abrupt change in glass structure in the narrow compositional range 38% SiOto 33 % SiO(MgSiO).	Neutron instruments to perform the experiments? Link	Presentation (PDF 6.1MB)	Chris J. Benmore Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Ave. Bldg. 360  Argonne, IL  60439 USA telephone:  (630) 252-7665 fax: (630) 252-4163 benmore@anl.gov
The in-situ Formation and Structure of a Dense Glass and The Prospects for High-Pressure Neutron Micro Diffraction		NO AVAILABLE	Christopher A. Tulk Oak Ridge National Laboratory/SNS One Bethel Valley Road P.O. Box 2008, MS6474 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6474 USA Phone: 865-576-7028 Fax: 865-574-6080 tulkca@sns.gov
Active Volcanoes
Looking through volcanoes with muons Cosmic-ray muons with the highest energies penetrate large solid objects but are absorbed in them, so that the rate of muons passing through an object is reduced. This effect can be used as the basis of a technology for determining the density length (density times length) probing an internal-structure and its time-dependent movement of matter in the interior of large objects, both natural (i.e. a volcano) and artificial (i.e. an industrial machinery). Near-horizontal muons can penetrate objects of sizes between 100 meters and 1 kilometer in rock-mountain.	Difficulties include the low intensity of near-horizontal muons and a large background from a soft-component cosmic-ray of electrons and gamma rays. The amount of molten rock within the craters of two active volcanoes Mt. Asama and Mt. West Iwate in Japan, has been studied with this technology. Volcanic Inner-Structure is now ready to be probed by Cosmic-Ray Muons to provide new Data-Base for Eruption Prediction.		Kanetada Nagamine MuonScience Laboratory,  Institute of Material Structure Science High Energy Accelerator Research Organization 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan Tel: +81-29-864-5604 Fax: +81-29-864-3202 Email: kanetada.nagamine@kek.jp